Study of Lightweight Concrete Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3609 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 77 PROPERTIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE MANUFACTURED WITH FLY ASH, FURNACE BOTTOM ASH, AND LYTAG Yun Bai, Ratiyah Ibrahim, and P. A. Muhammed Basheer Queen’s University, Belfast, U. K. Abstract Fly ash (FA), furnace bottom ash (FBA) and Lytag (LG) were used in the current study to replace ordinary portland cement (OPC), natural sand (NS) and coarse aggregate (CA), respectively, and thereby to manufacture lightweight concrete (LWC). Two control mixes containing no replacement materials were designed with a 28-day compressive strength of 20 N/mm2 and 40 N/mm2. For each compressive strength, three different mixes, viz. (a) 100%OPC+100%NS + 100%CA, (b) 100%OPC + 100%FBA + 100%LG and (c) 70%OPC + 30%FA + 100%FBA + 100%LG, were manufactured with slump in the range of 30 ~ 60 mm. The density, compressive strength, pull-off surface tensile strength, air permeability, sorptivity and porosity of the concretes were investigated. The results indicated that it is possible to manuf acture lightweight concrete with density in the range of 1560-1960 kg/m3 and 28-day compressive strength in the range of 20-40 N/mm2 with various waste materials from thermal power plants. However, the introduction of FBA into concrete would cause detrimental effect on the permeation properties of concrete. With part of OPC replaced with FA, the strength decreased, but the permeability of the resulting concrete improved. 1. Introduction Lightweight concrete (LWC) has been successfully used since the ancient Roman times and it has gained its popularity due to its lower density and superior thermal insulation properties [1]. Compared with normal weight concrete (NWC), LWC can significantly reduce the dead load of structural elements, which makes it especially attractive in multi-storey buildings. However, most studies on LWC concern â€Å"semilightweight† concretes, i. e. concrete made with lightweight coarse aggregate and natural sand. Although commercially available lig htweight fine aggregate has been used in investigations in place of natural sand to manufacture the â€Å"total-lightweight† 78 International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology concrete [2, 3], more environmental and economical benefits can be achieved if waste materials can be used to replace the fine lightweight aggregate. Lytag is one of the most commonly used lightweight aggregates, which is manufactured by pyro-processing fly ash (FA), while FA and furnace bottom ash (FBA) are two waste materials from coal-fired thermal power plants. They are, respectively, lighter than traditional coarse aggregate, OPC and natural sand. The previous investigations carried out by the authors on using FBA from a thermal power plant in Northern Ireland as a sand replacement material indicated that FBA could be a potential fine aggregate in NWC for certain applications [4, 5]. However, the application of FBA in structural LWC is not well defined. Therefore, th e current study investigates the possibility of manufacturing structural LWC with FA, FBA and Lytag 2. Experimental Program 2. 1 Materials The cement used was the Class 42. 5N portland cement supplied by Blue Circle, U. K. , complying with BS 12: 1991 [6]. For the control mixes, the coarse aggregate used was 10 mm crushed basalt and the fine aggregate used was medium graded natural sand complying with BS 882: 1992 [7]. Both materials are from the local sources in Northern Ireland. They were oven dried at 40oC for 24 hours and cooled to 20oC before using in the manufacture of concrete. The FA and FBA used were supplied by Kilroot Power Station in Northern Ireland, U. K. The FBA was dried firstly in an oven at 105oC for 24 hours and then allowed to cool for 24 hours at 20oC. The FBA that passed 5 mm sieve (hereafter FBA sand) was used to replace natural sand. The Lytag used was with a size of 8 mm and was supplied by Finlay Concrete Products, Northern Ireland, U. K. It was also ove n dried at 40oC for 24 hours and cooled to 20oC before casting. Table 1 reports the chemical compositions of OPC, FA, FBA and Lytag. The specific gravity and 1-hour ater absorption of basalt, natural sand, FBA sand and Lytag are reported in Table 2. Fig. 1 presents the particle size distribution of basalt, natural sand, FBA sand and Lytag. 2. 2 Mix proportions Two control mixes containing OPC, basalt and natural sand were designed for a 28day compressive strength of 20 N/mm2 (Series M) and 40 N/mm2 (Series H) respectively, for a slump in the range of 30-60 mm. For each control mix, 30% of OPC, 100% of natural sand, and 100% of basalt were then replaced with FA, FBA, and Lytag, respectively. The binder content (OPC or OPC + FA) was kept the same as that of the control mix for each series when the natural sand and basalt were replaced with FBA and Lytag, respectively. Yun Bai, Ratiyah Ibrahim, and P. A. Muhammed Basheer 79 Table 1: Chemical composition of cement, PFA, FBA, and Lyta g Oxide OPC FA FBA composition (%) SiO2 20. 6 59. 01 61. 78 Al2O3 5. 7 22. 8 17. 8 Fe2O3 2. 9 8. 8 6. 97 CaO 63. 6 2. 38 3. 19 MgO 1. 8 1. 39 1. 34 Na2O 0. 12 0. 74 0. 95 K 2O 0. 75 2. 8 2 SO3 3. 2 0. 27 0. 79 Cl 0. 01 0. 01 LOI 1. 5 6. 7 3. 61 Table 2: Property of aggregates Property Basalt Specific gravity (S. S. D. ) 2. 91 1-hour water absorption (%) 1. 1 FBA Sand 10 0 Lytag 53. 19 26. 3 10. 26 2. 02 1. 45 0. 96 3. 99 4 Natural sand 2. 66 1. 1 Natural Sand FBA sand 1. 58 32. 2 Lytag Lytag 1. 52 12. 31 Basalt Cumulative percentage passing (%) 80 60 40 20 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 1 10 10 0 Nominal ape rture siz e of te st sie ve (mm) Fig. 1: Particle distribution of FBA sand, natural sand, Lytag, and basalt For each series, three different mixes were studied. Mix 1: 100%OPC+100%NS+100%CA (control). Mix 2: 100%OPC+100%FBA+100%LG. Mix 3: 70%OPC+30%FA+100%FBA+100%LG. The water content (and therefore W/C) of Mix 2 and Mix 3 was adjusted by carrying out trials so that the workability measu red in terms of slump was in the range of 30-60mm. The volume ratio between the fine aggregate and the coarse aggregate for each test series was kept the same as 80 International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology that obtained for the respective control mix. The resulting mix proportions, which were used in this investigation, are reported in Table 3. Table 3: Mix proportions (kg/m3) and properties of fresh concretes Mix No M1 M2 M3 W/C 0. 65 0. 4 0. 2 Cement 330 330 231 FA 99 Free Water 215 132 106 Sand 820 FBA 552 562 Basalt 1040 Lytag 616 627 Measured Measured Slump Air Content (mm) (%) 27 51 43 2 5 5 H1 H2 H3 0. 47 0. 32 0. 29 460 460 322 138 215 147 133 715 477 473 1025 602 599 50 30 34 1. 2 5 5 2. 3 Batching and mixing For each mix, the required quantities of the constituents were batched by weight. The water required for 1-hour absorption by the aggregates (basalt, natural sand, FBA sand and Lytag) was added to the mix water in addition to the free water shown in Table 3. Different mixing procedures were used for NWC and LWC, which are described below. Mixing procedure for NWC (control): The manufacturing of NWC was carried out based on reference 8. Approximately half the basalt, all the natural sand and the remaining basalt were added, in this order, evenly into the pan. The aggregates were mixed for 30 seconds. The mixing was continued and about half the mixing water (i. e. free water as shown in Table 3 plus that required for 1 hour water absorption) was added during the next 15 seconds. After mixing for a total of 3 minutes, the mixer was stopped and the contents were left covered for 15 minutes. The cement was then added evenly over the aggregate. The mixer was started and the mixing was continued for 30 seconds. The mixer was then stopped and any material adhering to the mixer blades were cleaned off into the pan. Without delay, the mixing was recommenced and the remaining mixing water was added over the next 30 s econds. The mixing was continued for 3 minutes after all the materials were added. Mixing procedure for LWC: The procedure given in the Lytag Information Document [9] was used to modify the manufacturing procedure for the LWC. About half the mixing water (free water as shown in Table 3 plus that required for 1 hour water absorption) was added. Then all the Lytag and all the FBA were added in this order, evenly into the pan [9] and mixed for 3 minutes. The mixer was stopped and left covered for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the procedure was the same as that for the NWC. Yun Bai, Ratiyah Ibrahim, and P. A. Muhammed Basheer 81 2. 4 Specimen preparation and curing For each mix, nine 100-mm size cubes were cast to determine the compressive strength at the age of 3, 7, and 28 days. At 28 days, the same cubes used for compressive strength were also used to test the density at saturated-surface dried (SSD) condition. Three 250x250x110-mm slabs were cast to investigate pull-off tensile stre ngth, permeation properties and porosity of the concrete at the age of 28 days. All specimens were cast in two layers and compacted on a vibrating table until air bubbles appearing on the surface stopped. They were left in the mould in the laboratory at 20( ±1)oC for one day and then removed from the moulds. After that, they were cured in water at 20( ±1)oC for two days, and then wrapped in polythene sheet and left in the laboratory at 20( ±1)oC until they were tested. The three-day specimens were tested immediately after removing from the water bath, instead of wrapping in polythene sheet. ) 2. 5 Details of tests For each mix, the air content and workability (in terms of slump) of the fresh concrete were measured. The air content was measured by following a procedure given in BS 1881: part 106: 1983 [10]. The slump test was carried out in accordance with BS 1881: Part 102: 1983 [11]. At the age of 3, 7, and 28 days, the compressive strength was determined by crushing three 10 0-mm cubes in accordance with BS 1881:Part 116: 1983 [12] and an average of the three values was obtained. Prior to the compressive strength test at the age of 28 days, the cubes were used to test the SSD density by following BS 1881: Part 114: 1983 [13]. At the age of 28 days, the slabs were dried at 40( ±1)oC and 22( ±1)% Relative Humidity (RH) in a drying cabinet for two weeks and then cooled to room temperature 20( ±1)oC for one day. The air permeability and water absorption (sorptivity) were tested on three slabs per mix by using the â€Å"Autoclam Permeability System† [14] on the mould finished face and average values of both the air permeability and the sorptivity were calculated. The surface tensile strength was measured by carrying out the Limpet pull-off test [15] at two locations on the mould finished surfaces of the three slabs immediately after the permeation test. All the six results were averaged and reported. After the pull-off test, one ? 75-mm co re was taken from each of the slab and the water absorption test was carried out by following BS 1881: Part 122: 1983 [16]. The porosity of the concretes was then calculated based on the volume of the voids occupied by the absorbed water. 82 International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology 3. Results and Discussion 3. 1 Properties of fresh concrete Fig. 2 shows the free water content for different mixes. It can be seen that when the FBA sand and Lytag were used to replace natural sand and basalt, respectively, the water demand of the concrete decreased. This is attributable to the spherical/round particle shape of both FBA sand and Lytag [4, 17], which, compared to the angular particles of sand and basalt, have a â€Å"ball-bearing effect† and thus reduce the water demand of the fresh concrete. When 30% of the OPC was replaced with FA in both series, there was also a water reduction compared to the mix 2. This is again attributable to the  "ball-bearing effect† of the FA particles. Therefore, it can be seen from the above results that when FA, FBA and Lytag were used to manufacture lightweight concrete, the water demand of the concrete decreased. 300 Free Water (kg/m3) 250 200 150 100 50 0 100%OPC+100%NS+100%CA 100%OPC+100%FBA+100%LG 70%OPC+30%FA+100%FBA+100%LG M H Series Fig. 2: Free water content of NWC and LWC 3. 2 Density Table 4 reports the density of hardened concrete at saturated-surface dried (SSD) condition measured at 28 days. It can be seen that when natural sand and basalt were replaced with FBA sand and Lytag respectively, there was a significant reduction in the density of hardened concrete for both series. This suggests that the low density of both FBA sand and Lytag is beneficial to produce LWC. When FA was used in mix 3 to replace 30% of the OPC, the density was further reduced. This, again, is due to the lower density of FA compared to that of OPC. Thus, it can be concluded that the low dens ity of FA, FBA and Lytag is a benefit for manufacturing lightweight structural concretes. In the current study, the SSD density in the range of 1560-1960 kg/m3 was achieved. Yun Bai, Ratiyah Ibrahim, and P. A. Muhammed Basheer Table 4: Density (kg/m3) of hardened concrete at 28 days (SSD) M1 M2 M3 H1 H2 1977 1725 1559 2471 1952 83 H3 1819 3. 3 Compressive strength Fig. 3 presents the compressive strength of both series at 3, 7, and 28 days. Fig. 4 illustrates the relationship between the 28-day compressive strength and the SSD density. In Fig. 5, the contribution of different mix to the compressive strength is compared in terms of the specific strength, i. e. , ratio of strength to relative density. From Fig. 3 it can be seen that when the FBA sand and Lytag were used to replace natural sand and basalt respectively, different effects can be observed for series M and H. In series H, the compressive strength decreased from H1 to H3 at all the ages. However, in series M, this tre nd was visible only for the 3-day results. At the age of 7 and 28 days, there was an increase in strength when the NS and CA were replaced with FBA and Lytag, respectively. As indicated in Fig. 4, except for one data point corresponding to mix M1, there is a linear relationship between the density and the compressive strength, i. . the compressive strength is directly proportional to the SSD density of hardened concrete. This indicates that the lightweight was achieved at the cost of reduction in the compressive strength. Nevertheless, it is still possible to manufacture LWC with SSD density in the range of 1560-1960 kg/m3 and 28-day compressive strength in the range of 20-40 N/mm2. 60 60 Comp. Strength (N/mm2) 40 Comp. Strength (N/mm2) M1 M2 M3 H1 40 H2 H3 20 20 0 3 7 Age (Days) 0 3 7 28 28 Age (Days) (a) Series M (b) Series H Fig. 3: Compressive strength of NWC and LWC 84 International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology M1 M2 M3 H1 H2 H3 25 Comp. Streng th (N/mm2) 60 100%OPC+100%NS+100%CA 100%OPC+100%FBA+100%LG 70%OPC+30%FA+100%FBA+100%LG Specific Strength 1600 1800 2000 3 50 40 30 20 1400 2200 2400 2600 20 15 10 5 0 M H Density (kg/m ) Series Fig. 4: Compressive strength vs. density Fig. 5: Specific strength of NWC LWC Fig. 5 indicates that the specific strength for M2 and M3 are higher than M1, which suggests that for the same weight of concrete, LWC provided marginally higher compressive strength than NWC. For series H, the specific strength for H2 and H3 are lower than H1. However, the difference was small. Therefore, it can be concluded that FA, FBA and Lytag can be favorably used to manufacture medium strength LWC. In the case of high strength concrete, these replacements would result in decrease in compressive strength of the concrete. 3. 4 Pull-off surface tensile strength Fig. 6 presents the results of the pull-off test. It can be seen that, for Series M, the surface tensile strength of M2 and M3 are higher than that o f M1, and that of M2 is equal to that of M3. However, for Series H, the pull-off tensile strength of H2 and H3 are lower than that of H1, and the value for H3 is also lower than that for H2. Thus, in terms of the pull-off surface tensile strength, FA, FBA and Lytag have a beneficial effect on medium strength LWC, but a slightly adverse effect on highstrength LWC. Yun Bai, Ratiyah Ibrahim, and P. A. Muhammed Basheer 85 6 100%OPC+100%NS+100%CA 100%OPC+100%FBA+100%LG 70%OPC+30%FA+100%FBA+100%LG Surf. Tens. Strength (N/mm2) 4 2 3. 5 Permeability The near surface permeation property was evaluated by using the â€Å"Autoclam Permeability System. † Figs. and 8 show the air permeability and sorptivity results, respectively. It can be seen that when FBA sand and Lytag were used to replace natural M H sand and basalt to manufacture LWC, Series the air permeability dramatically increased. From Fig. 2, it can be seen Fig. 6: Surface tensile strength of that, due to the water reduction effect NWC and LWC of FBA and Lytag, the free water of mix 2 for both series is lower than mix 1. Since the binder content was the same for all the mixes in each series, the decreased free water content would result in a decreased free waterbinder ratio, which should have decreased the air permeability [18]. In addition, although the particles of Lytag are quite porous [17], they have no effects on the air permeability of LWC [19]. Thus, the increased air permeability should be attributable to the porous particles of the FBA sand [5]. However, the air permeability indices of Mix 3 for both series are lower than mix 2, but still higher than mix 1. The decrease of the air permeability indices of mix 3 can be considered to be due to the physical filling effect and pozzolanic reaction of FA, leading to the densification of the pore structure. This reveals that the increased air permeability caused by the porous FBA particles can partly be compensated by the FA. However, since the slabs were only 28 days old, the pozzolanic reaction has not fully developed. Thus, a long-term study is required in order to investigate any possible further beneficial effect of FA on the LWC. 0 1. 60 100%OPC+100%NS+100%CA 100%OPC+100%FBA+100%LG 70%OPC+30%FA+100%FBA+100%LG 6. 00 100%OPC+100%NS+100%CA 100%OPC+100%FBA+100%LG 70%OPC+30%FA+100%FBA+100%LG 1. 20 0. 80 0. 40 0. 00 M Sorpt. Index (M3*10-7/min0. 5) Air Perm. Index (ln(bar)/min) 4. 0 2. 00 0. 00 M H Series H Series Fig. 7: Air permeability of NWC LWC Fig. 8: Sorptivity of NWC LWC 86 International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology The sorptivity result in Fig. 8 indicates that when natural sand and basalt were replaced with the FBA sand and Lytag, the sorptivity indices for both series were higher than the corresponding control (mix 1). This is mainly attributable to the porous FBA and Lytag particles. However, when FA was used in mix 3 to replace 30% of the OPC, the sorptivity did not decrease a s it did in air permeability. Thus, the FA has no beneficial effect on reducing the sorptivity of LWC at 28 days. On the contrary, the sorptivity increased. Again a long-term study is required to investigate any further beneficial effect. 3. 6 Porosity The porosity result is reported in Fig. 9. The trend was similar to that of air permeability in Fig. 7, i. e. , when natural sand and basalt were replaced by the FBA sand and Lytag respectively, the porosity of LWC increased. However, when FA was used in mix 3 to replace cement, the porosity was lower than mix 2, but still higher than mix 1 for both series. The result further confirms that whereas FBA sand and Lytag increase the porosity of LWC, the FA would partly compensate the detrimental effect caused by FBA sand and Lytag on the porosity and air permeability. 12. 00 100%OPC+100%NS+100%CA 100%OPC+100%FBA+100%LG 70%OPC+30%FA+100%FBA+100%LG Porosity (%) 8. 00 4. 00 0. 00 M Series H Fig. 9: Porosity of NWC LWC 4. Conclusions à ¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ By using FA, FBA and Lytag, it is possible to manufacture lightweight concrete with density in the range of 1560-1960 kg/m3. In terms of ontribution to the compressive strength by per unit weight of concrete, FA, FBA, and Lytag can be beneficially used to manufacture medium strength concrete. LWC incorporating FBA and Lytag resulted in an increase in the permeability; by replacing 30% of OPC with FA, the permeability of LWC could be improved. In order to manufacture durable LWC, measures should be taken to further improve the permeation property. Acknowledgments The FBA for this research was supplied by Connexpo (N. I. ) Ltd and, the Lytag was supplied by Finlay Concrete Products (N. I. ). The facilities provided by the School of Yun Bai, Ratiyah Ibrahim, and P. A. Muhammed Basheer 87 Civil Engineering at Queen’s University, Belfast, are gratefully acknowledged. Mr. Yun Bai is in receipt of the Overseas Research Students Award at Queenâ€℠¢s and is on leave of absence from Ningxia Communication Department, China. Ms. Ratiyah Ibrahim was funded by the Government of Brunei. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Chandra, S. and Berntsson, L. Lightweight aggregate concrete: science, technology and applications. Noyes Publications. Berra, M. and Ferrara, G. â€Å"Normal weight and total-lightweight high-strength concretes: A comparative experimental study,† SP-121, 1990, pp. 01-733. Kayali, O. A. and Haque, M. N. â€Å"A new generation of structural lightweight concrete,† ACI, SP-171, 1997, pp. 569-588. Bai, Y. and Basheer, P. A. M. â€Å"Influence of Furnace Bottom Ash on properties of concrete,† Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Structure and Buildings 156, February 2003, Issue 1, pp. 85-92. Bai, Y. and Basheer, P. A. M. â€Å"Properties of concrete containing Furnace Bottom Ash as a sand replacement material,† Proceedings of structural faults and repair (CD-ROM), London, July 1-3, 2003. British Standards Institution. â€Å"Specification for Portland Cements,† BSI, London, 1991, BS 12. British Standards Institution. â€Å"Specification for Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete,† BSI, London, 1992, BS 882. British Standards Institution. â€Å"Method of Mixing and Sampling Fresh Concrete in the Laboratory,† BSI, London, 1986, BS1881: Part 125. â€Å"Lytag: an introduction to Lytag concrete,† September, 1996. British Standards Institution. â€Å"Method for Determination of Air Content of Fresh Concrete,† BSI, London, 1983, BS1881: Part 106. British Standards Institution. â€Å"Method for Determination of Slump,† BSI, London, 1983, BS 1881: Part 102. British Standards Institution. Method for Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes,† BSI, London, 1983, BS 1881: Part 116. British Standards Institution, â€Å"Methods for determination of density of harden ed concrete,† BSI, London, 1983, BS 1881: Part 114. Basheer, P. A. M. , Long, A. E. and Montgomery, F. R. â€Å"The Autoclam: A new test for permeability,† Concrete, July/August, 1994, pp. 27-29. Long, A. E. and Murray, A. M. â€Å"Pull-off test for in-situ concrete strength,† Concrete, Dec. 1981, pp. 23-24. British Standards Institution. â€Å"Method for determination of water absorption,† BSI, London, 1983, BS 1881: Part 122. Swamy, R. N. and Lambert, G. H. â€Å"Microstructure of Lytag aggregate,† The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete (3), November 4, 1984. 88 International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology 18. Long, A. E. , Basheer, P. A. M. and Montgomery, F. R. â€Å"In-site permeability testing: A basis for service life prediction,† Proceeding of the Third CANMET/ACI International Symposium, Aukland, New Zealand, ACI SP-171, pp. 651-670. 19. Bamforth, P. B. â€Å"The prope rties of high strength lightweight concrete,† Concrete 21(4), April 1987, pp. 8-9. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study of Lightweight Concrete Behaviour" essay for you Create order

Analysis Of On Liberty - 1195 Words

â€Å"On Liberty† is an essay composed by a man named J.S. Mill who talks about the different types of liberty given to individuals. The novel in divided up into five chapter stating different liberties or responsibilities that makes someone a responsible self. There is no real definition of what could be considered a responsible self but all the duties one has is what composes this person into what Mill believes one should be. These responsibilities are first to oneself, to others, and finally to society as a whole. The responsibilities to oneself are vast and many depending on what the individual wants to consider as responsibilities. The person must be in tune with all that is happening inside his world so he may grow. Individuality, is a huge part of a person because it shapes not only his personality but his life. It is the duty to himself for once he reaches maturity he is to use what he has learned and interpret it to his beliefs. He learns about traditions and customs from others but may interpret differently, not suitable to him, or do not educate or develop him (55- 56). He must develop a strong character with his own impulses and desires that has been created and fixed by his culture. The individual must make sure to take in to account what he prefers before what others want him to do (58). Conformity is also another duty to oneself, since it is what makes him stand out among the rest. A person can only have the chance of becoming himself again, is when his eyesShow MoreRelatedAnalysi s Of On Liberty 1889 Words   |  8 PagesIn Chapter III of his book, ‘On Liberty’, Mill argues against the â€Å"tyranny of conformism†i, and in accord with the tenets of the ‘harm principle’, he suggests that an individual â€Å"should be allowed, without molestation to carry his [or her] opinions into practice at his [or her] own cost†ii so long as he or she does â€Å"not make himself [or herself] a nuisance to other people†iii. Although Mill recognises that â€Å"it would be absurd to pretend that people ought to live as if nothing whatever had been knownRead MoreAnalysis Of On Liberty Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesIn Chapter 2 of â€Å"On Liberty†, Mill begins by addressing the issue of whether or not people, either through governmental means or on their own ought to be allowed to limit or â€Å"coerce† the expression of another individual’s opinion. Mill asserts that any such actions are illegitimate and in short wrong for two reasons: 1. Humans are infallible and 2. Humans are corrigible. Mill goes on further to state that â€Å"if all man kind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinionRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Mill On Liberty1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe conception of liberty is? Liberty had the ability to challenge ideas of the past into new ones. Mill expressed his understanding about liberty in several ways in his essay named, On Liberty. In this paper, I will strongly explain the significance of the quotation, assumptions mills argument depends upon, limitations in the right of free speech, and agreement with Mill’s points of view. Without further ado; let me activate the critical analysis of Mill’s approach regarding liberty. To commence,Read MoreLiberty Tax Swot Analysis1771 Words   |  8 PagesLiberty Tax Service S.W.O.T Analysis By: Lorne Wright Term: Winter Professor: Fairbrother Introduction Liberty Tax Service is a United States based business that specialize in the preparation of tax returns for both individuals and businesses. It originated in Canada in September 1997, when the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) John Hewitt acquired a Canadian tax franchisor, Uamp; R Tax Depot. In 1998, the company became known as Liberty Tax Service and opened five offices in the U.SRead MoreCase Analysis : Liberty University Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pages Case Study 1 LaShondra Wilbon CJUS 530- Dr. P. Webb February 5, 2016 Liberty University Abstract: When a law enforcement officer or other public employee is accused of potentially criminal conduct, they may face three different kinds of interviews or interrogations. If an officer is interviewed as a criminal suspect, they have the absolute right to decline to answer any questions, or to insist that they have a lawyer of their choosing to attend the interview. The first is type is during a criminalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Apostle Of Republican Liberty760 Words   |  4 PagesThe Apostle of Republican Liberty stresses the accomplishments and republican vision of Thomas Jefferson which made America become a thriving nation of small, independent farmers, avoiding manufacturing and world trade, and becoming the richest and most powerful nation in the world in the 19th century. Eugene R. Sheridan focuses on Jefferson’s influence in Americas early development. Jefferson is the greatest and most intellectually consistent founding father, both respected and criticized inRead MoreEssay on Pentadic Analysis of the Statue of Liberty519 Words   |  3 PagesPentadic Analysis of the Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty is one of the most well know symbols of the United States, across the world. For this reason I chose to analyze the dramatic effect it creates, and what methods it implores to invent this universal meaning. It is one of the strongest visual representations of the ideals which our country is founded upon. I intend to defend the argument that the Statue of Liberty posses the power of persuading human thought using the termsRead MoreTrading Liberty for Illusion Analysis959 Words   |  4 Pagesand investigate the potential acts of terrorists was not balanced with civil liberties. These rights were guaranteed by the First Amendment â€Å"[to allow] the individuals to speak, think, assemble, worship, or petition without ‘government’ (or even private) inferences or restraints† (thefreedictionary, 2005). Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, concludes in his book,  All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime, in an y civilized society the most important task is achievingRead MoreAnalysis of Differnt Forms of Liberty1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of liberty is important to this very day. Liberty initially means to be fundamentally free within ones society from any types of oppression, either from higher authority or from having different form ideologies that can be political or social. Liberty is a form of power that lets one act on their sets and values. In this paper, concept of liberty will be discussed on behalf of two philosophers, John Locke and Jean- Jacques Rousseau. Although liberty provides one to act as they pleaseRead MoreTrading Liberty for Illusion Analysis973 Words   |  4 Pagesand investigate the potential acts of terrorists was not balanced with civil liberties. These rights were guaranteed by the First Amendment â€Å"[to allow] the individuals to speak, think, assemble, worship, or petition without ‘government’ (or even private) inferences or restra ints† (thefreedictionary, 2005). Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, concludes in his book,  All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime, in any civilized society the most important task is achieving

Race and Magazine Covers Free Essays

Race and magazine covers is a sociological issue in the society today. Most magazine covers all over the world today select disproportionately the cast that is featured on their covers. Certain features on the magazine cover also get repeat appearances hence making it an issue in the society today. We will write a custom essay sample on Race and Magazine Covers or any similar topic only for you Order Now A magazine cover matters since the individuals that appear on the cover are the ambassadors of commercial appeal, beauty and success. The impression of the faces projected on the magazine covers has a visceral impact. There is a danger that is presented through diversification of the models in the magazines while the covers remain white as it sends a message of hierarchical beauty standards which suggests that the models of color have their place that is not on the covers of magazines. This paper will use the three major classical sociological theories to explain and explore the race and magazine covers issue. Conflict Theory Conflict theory was suggested by Karl Marx and it claims that the society is in a state of continuous conflict as a result of competition for the limited resources, (Ritzer et all. 2017). The theory holds that social order is maintained by domination and power and not consensus and conformity. According to Karl Marx in the conflict theory, the individuals that have wealth and power in the society try to hold on to it by all means possible mainly through the oppression of the poor and powerless individuals in the society. The continuous conflicts in the society drive social change. in conflict theory, power is the control of resources and wealth, politics and the institution that constitute the society and an individual’s social status relative to others within the society. social status is not determined by only class but by the race, gender, culture, sexuality and also religion. The groups that are associated with race and magazine covers include the models, celebrities in various industries like music, fashion and acting. The group that has historically benefited when it comes to power in race and magazine covers are the white celebrities who appear on the covers. Most magazines use white models as compared to color models however powerful, famous, and wealthy the color model may be, (Schug, et all. 2017 pg. 222). The ideology associated with the topic of race and magazine cover is colorblindness that is depicted in the society today. the public has to take note of the issue of race and the refusal to take leads people to ignore manifestations of persistent discrimination in the society. The powerful groups benefit in various ways including the fact that through having constant coverage on covers, they are able to maintain their powerful status in the society easily. the other way that they benefit is that it makes them more powerful in the society. Internalized oppression is where an oppressed group uses methods the group that oppresses them against itself. It works when a group or individuals recognize a distinct inequality of value when compared to another group of individuals resulting in the desire to be like the more highly valued group. internalized oppression can lead to conflict and discrimination in the group, (Schug, et all. 2017 pg. 222). The color models experience internalized oppression when it comes to race and magazine covers since they receive little credit hence they have a feeling of inferiority thus strive to be like the white models who get coverage on magazine covers. Structural Functionalism Structural functionalism is a theory that views the society as a system that is complex whose parts jointly work together to promote stability and solidarity, (Ritzer et all. 2017). Structural functionalism takes a closer look at the society with a focus on social structures which shape the society. the approach looks at the social structures and social functions. The two functions associated with race and magazine covers include advertising and stability. They are both manifest functions which are deliberately intended to have an effect on the society, (Sherry and Mark 2015 pg. 490-492). The kind of stability that the issue of race and magazine covers offer is where those groups involved identify themselves with certain positions on magazines and accept the positions without having to push for social change. Symbolic Interaction Theory Symbolic interactionism is a theory that provides a better understanding of how individuals interact with each other in a bid to create symbolic worlds and the world ends up shaping the behaviors of the individuals, (Ritzer et all. 2017). individuals live in the natural environment and also the symbolic environment. Symbolization in symbolic interactions highlights the processes through which events and conditions, people, and other features in the environment which have particular meanings become almost only objects of orientation. The behavior of individuals is partly contingent on what the object of orientation symbolizes or means. The three symbols associated with race and magazine covers include style, beauty and celebrity lifestyle. Interactions and language assist in reinforcing the ideas on race and magazine by providing a platform which is easy to understand and relate to each other in the society. interactions and language also help in ensuring that individuals share different views and ideas hence assisting in the modification of ideas related to the issue of race and magazine covers, (Thibaut and John 2017). Cultural ideas related to race and magazine covers are learnt through the reading of popular culture which allows individuals to share their emotions, thoughts and deliberations in the society. References Ritzer, George, and Jeffrey Stepnisky. Modern sociological theory. SAGE Publications, 2017. Schug, Joanna, Nicholas P. Alt, Philip S. Lu, Monika Gosin, and Jennifer L. Fay. â€Å"Gendered race in mass media: Invisibility of Asian men and Black women in popular magazines.† Psychology of Popular Media Culture 6, no. 3 (2017): 222. Sherry, Mark. â€Å"Fantasies of identification: disability, gender, race.† (2015): 490-492. Thibaut, John W. The social psychology of groups. Routledge, 2017. How to cite Race and Magazine Covers, Papers

Bussiness Strategy About Samsung free essay sample

Samsung Electronics Company (Samsung Electronics or â€Å"the company†), a part of the Samsung group, is one of the leading consumer electronics brands in the world. The company primarily operates in Asia, Europe and Americas. It is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea and employs about 157,701 people. Samsung Electronics Company (Samsung Electronics or â€Å"the company†) is engaged in the manufacture and distribution of consumer electronics, communication products, semiconductor products and home appliances. The company, a part of the Samsung group, operates through a number of subsidiaries. Samsung Electronics operates through three business segments: digital media and communications, device solutions, and others. By that reason, it is very important for Samsung to identify its position in retail market and prepare a strategic plan which the organization can apply to sustain its competitive advantage and overcome competition in future. [pic] 1. 1 Explain Samsung Electronics strategic contexts and terminology – missions, visions, objectives, goals, core competencies. Mission : statement defines the function and the main purpose of the organization, and it requires the organization to answer the question â€Å"Why do we exist? There are two kind of environment which can be analyzed, the macro and micro environment. The PESTEL model can be useful when analyzing the macro environment, and discussing about Porter’s five forces model is the good way to identify the micro environment of Electronics. The PESTEL model and Porter’s five forces model in case of Samsung Electronics. + The PESTEL model: It can be devided into six factors. †¢ Political †¢ Economic †¢ Socio-cultural †¢ Technological †¢ Environmental/ecological †¢ Legal The economic environment. After â€Å"Doi Moi† in 1986, Vietnamese economy has been developing dramatically. It can be seen in the increase of the average annual growth rate every year, and Vietnam has been categorized into the group of the fastest growth countries in the world. The minimum salary of Vietnamese has also increased stably during years. Beside that, being the member of ASIAN and WTO brings many benefit for the trade relationship of Vietnam. It is very significant for the import and export factor in Vietnam. The socio-cultural environment. With the big population of 86 million, Vietnam can be one of the most potential consuming goods market in the world. Moreover, over half of the 86 million people is under 30 years old, and 94% under 65 years old, so the population is very young. It means that the labour force of Vietnam is strong enough and can adapt for any kind of business, and it is also very important due to the preference of shopping of the young people. The technological environment. Following the increase of the economy, the technology in every part of Vietnam industry is aslo change positively. Many producers in Vietnam are now using the machines instead of human because there is no more barrier for them to import the technology from the developed countries. Additionally, the IT in Vietnam is also having a good developing period. Vietnamese enterprises understand that using IT in managing and producing is a very important ways for them to reduce the risk in doing business. Beside that, the IT infrastructure is not a weakness of Vietnamese any more. The people can now communicate with everywhere on the earth by using the internet or phones. The physical environment. Vietnam is a tropical country, and most of the developing parts of Vietnam has a good weather condition for any kind of business. By analysis the external environment of Samsung Electronics, we can identify the important factors that will make an influence to planning decision and can also review the resources of company in order to apply a right strategy. The external environment audit is conducted based on PESTEL analysis. The PESTEL analysis is for Vietnam market. ? Political environment: Political can affect strongly to the operating of Samsung Electronics. In a country has a bad government, the potential for Samsung sells their products in here is very low. That is why having a good political environment help companies can concentrate to develop and expand their business through the public policy on competition and consumer protection. Besides, a good political system also helps Samsung Electronics maintain and improve the physical, social and market infrastructure. ? Economic environment: Vietnam is a member of the WTO, the business environment of Vietnam is more and more improved. Compared to other countries in the region and the world about the level of development, Viet Nam is lagging quite far distance so has a lot of disadvantage in competition on the market. Competition will take place more cutthroat. in this factor, it features some elements that can make a huge impact to Samsung Electronics. These elements will include the rate of inflation, the exchange rate or the rate of growth in the economy in a nation. If a country have a high rate of inflation and the low rate in gross domestic product, it can be difficult for Samsung Electronics to sell in there. So Samsung chooses Vietnam for expand their business because the quality of life and people tend to buy more Samsung’s product so company should make a good business strategy to apply in this country. Social and cultural environment: Each country has different cultural values. Thus, the organization must understand the unique culture of the place and select target market for one’s own business. For a foreign organization, there are bound to be language barriers (most obvious factor). Ensure that the labels on the packaging is in Vietnamese if youre selling a product, It features long-term social trends and people‘s beliefs and attitudes. For example, before Samsung Electronics want to sell their goods in a new market, they need to research about the habit of customer to know what they expect from the product. Besides, they also need to research the population structure in order to know the age that frequently purchases their product. Therefore, they can create available business strategy to meet the demand of customer and help company can be easy to approach a new market. ? The technological environment: The new technologies significantly change the production and marketing of LG Electronics in Vietnam. For example, Samsung Electronics used more machines in production, thus; it needs less workers. In addition, the modern technologies lead to the improvement of product quality. Furthermore, according to BPP (2010), technology has also changed the ways people work. People nowadays can work and communicate through email and video conference. Regarding to marketing, in addition to traditional methods of advertising such as television, radio, email, etc, Samsung Electronics nowadays can advertise products on social network, including Facebook, Twitter, and Google plus, etc. ? Physical environment: It consists of factors such as weather, geography which relate to natural condition. The natural environment can effect on organization’s operations. For example, Vietnam is a country has a lot of plentiful resources. That is why Samsung Electronics can come and exploit the raw material in there and use it to make product. However, the natural environment also brings a bad condition for Samsung Electronics too. Vietnam is a country with the hot weather so it can be effect to the maintenance’s ability of Samsung Electronics product. ? Legal environment: All operation of the Samsung Electronics must follow the law and regulation. There are some laws that Samsung Electronics should consider carefully when they enter to a market. For example, when they hire employee, they also have to follow the law of taking care of the health and safety for their employee. For government, Samsung Electronics also need to pay the corporation tax on time and when they make revenue reporting, they have to be honest in listing their revenues to government. Porter fives forces ? The threat of new entrants: It is noted that â€Å"new entrants could change major determinants of the market environment (e. g. market shares, prices, customer loyalty) at any time. There is always a latent pressure for reaction and adjustment for existing players in this industry† (The manager. org, 2010). The new entrants of Vietnam market is mostly local companies. It is noted that those local companies use cost-leadership strategy, manufacturing and selling low price product to capture market share. Therefore, it is threat for Samsung Electronics market share. ? The threat from substitute products: According to Themanager (2010), a threat from substitutes exists if there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. They could potentially attract a significant proportion of market volume and hence reduce the potential sales volume for existing company in the market. Samsung has a lot of competitors in the world such as Toshiba, Sony, Nokia, LG, AB Electrolux, etc. they also provide same products and services which will make the customers are confused when they buy a new products. To compete with other competitors, Samsung Electronics must develop its technology; make the differences about characteristics, design, quality and prices. We will apply Samsung Electronics to SWOT Matrix for understand more strategy of Samsung Electronics in the market [pic] (http://www. zanthus. com) – S-O: focus on Vietnam market and make product conforming to living patterns. Increase marketing capabilities to the upscale market. – S-T: Samsung Electronics constantly creative and development to create the best product and difficult to fake or replaced. Leverage use of RD and marketing to compete on market. – W-O: Samsung will try to protection of environment and human health and safety. Not to images of Samsung Electronics is negatively affected by product recall instances and lawsuit. – W-T: new building management system business and the cost to improve management capacity and competitiveness of Samsung Elecronics. 2. 3 Explain the significance of stakeholder analysis. For any organization on over the world, the role of stakeholders are very important for their activities, and the power of stakeholders might affect the management’s choice of strategy. It is also true for Samsung, so the stakeholders analysis is very significant for the organization. For any organization on over the world, the role of stakeholders are very important for their activities, and the power of stakeholders might affect the management’s choice of strategy. It is also true for Coop Mart, so the stakeholders analysis is very significant for the organization. The effect of Sangsung’s key Stakeholders. Managers and employees: They are the people who directly work for the company, and are responsible for making business decision of Samsung. The business strategies usually are set by the managers, so if they make wrong decision, it may cause many negative effects for Samsung. Moreover, the employees can be considered as the face of the business. Therefore, their bad attitude would destroy the image of Samsung on the customers. Suppliers: Suppliers’s role are very important for Samsung. They supply the products for the business activities of the company due to the retailer position of Samsung, so the most reliable and quality suppliers can bring biggest benefit. In fact, if there is anything wrong with the products of the suppliers whether inside or outside the chain, it will also harm Samsung. Customers: Vietnamses people who directly bring the profit to Samsung. The more customers come to Samsung the more profit Samsung can get. By that reason, the good overestimate of the customers is very effective for the increase of Samsung. Competitors: The competitors are also considered as key stakeholders of Samsung. They are doing the same business as Samsung, retailing, and are sharing the retail market with Samsung. Any activities of them can affect negatively or positively Samsung’s business. Internal stakeholders: employee and manager. Connected stakeholder: shareholder, customer, and suppliers. External stakeholder: government, Interest groups. According, stakeholder analysis enables Samsung Electronics to indentify ? Stakeholders interests ? Mechanisms to influence other stakeholders ? Potential risks ? Key people to be informed about the strategyt during the execution phase ? Negative stakeholders as well as their adverse effects on the strategy Furthermore, Samsung Electronics can evaluate the power of different stakeholder. In this case of conflicting between stakeholder’s objectives, company can satisfy the objectives of prioritized stakeholders rather than the ones of less important stakeholders. Thus, it might enable Samsung Electronics to have better performance. Conclusion This report is an overview of the factors that may affect the development of strategies in the future of Samsung Electronics. By using several techniques, Samsung can have a feedback of its difficulties. Based on more data in this report, Samsung Electronics can have enough knowledge to have the good strategy in running business in Vietnam. It is mentioned in the methods by which companies can apply when they are analyzed to show the strengths and weaknesses of Samsung Electronics .